What Are Peoples
Highest Priority Needs and How Are They Manipulated To Increase Profits as Told By Servant Leadership Prophets?
In the last part of this discussion on the servant-leader
practices of corporate CEO’s, I introduced Robert Greenleaf’s “best test” of
the servant-leader. Before I get into testing Todd Teske’s servant leadership claim, it is
important to take a bit of a detour to delve into what is meant when Greenleaf suggested
in his “best test” that the difference between leader-first and servant-first
leaders is manifested “in the care taken by the servant first to make sure that
other people’s highest priority needs are being served”. I would also like to point out the other side
of this, that the leader first would manifest themselves by revealing how their
practices deny other people’s highest priority needs from being served. The critical part in this best test is
understanding what is meant by “people’s highest priority needs”.
I am not aware of Greenleaf explaining in detail what he
meant by “people’s highest priority needs”, perhaps he took it for granted that
these needs were obvious. Greenleaf’s
lack of explanation might play a role in why when many professors of servant leadership
write or talk about their own takes on the path to servant leadership, they
will often cite Greenleaf’s best test and then ignore the reference to serving
peoples highest priority needs. At best,
they tend to go off on a tangent about what they think the path to servant
leadership is, leaving Greenleaf’s thoughts on the shelf.
Typically these tangents include suggestions to: wash people’s feet or follow other examples
of some other religious, or corporate, or management consultant guru who will
deepen the followers spiritual life; love the people they serve by performing
acts of charity or martyrdom; become a better listener; hold more brainstorming
type meetings; love their wife and children; refer to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
in order to become a more enlightened leader; or simply follow other aspects of
their unique outline or esoteric flow chart to becoming a servant leader. Although these tangents can lead to
interesting reading, they mostly distract the reader (or listener) from really
understanding what it means when people’s highest priority needs are satisfied
and what the consequences are when they are not.
Another possible explanation for ignoring the call to
empower people to meet their own high priority needs in the corporate world
might be the impact that that sort of behavior would have on the corporation’s
bottom-line ability to generate profit and grow, but then again maybe that is
just more distracting conjecture on my part.
Ignorance is not however an excuse for laziness when it comes to
exercising Greenleaf’s “best test”, so it is worth some more effort to clarify
what constitutes a high priority need. In order to get back on track, I will go
off on my own tangent and provide an explanation that I believe is an effective
model to understanding how best to serve people’s highest priority needs.
The best source I
have found on defining human related needs comes from one of my favorite
economic gurus, Chilean economist Manfred Max-Neef. Max-Neef outlined what he believed
constituted human needs in his book HUMAN SCALE DEVELOPMENT. Max-Neef’s ideas on human needs were a response to trying to
address development problems in Latin America that he believed were related to
economic policies imposed on it from its northern economic super-powered
neighbors to the north. These policies
did little to promote self-sufficiency of the Latin American people and instead
indebted them as a means to ensure the growing wealth of the leadership of the
super-powered neighbors. As a possible
solution to what he termed “a world in crisis”, Max-Neef proposed what he
called Human Scale Development, which focused on “satisfaction of fundamental
human needs, on generation of growing levels of self-reliance, and on the
construction of organic articulations of people with nature and technology, of
global processes with local activity, of the personal with the social, of
planning with autonomy”.
As an alternative to the pillaging and plundering that was
typical of the economic system that dominated the world in order to increase
the profits of the privileged, Max-Neef proposed an economic system designed to
serve nine real human needs: Subsistence, Protection, Affection, Understanding,
Participation, Idleness, Creation, Identity, and Freedom. Unlike Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs, there is
no hierarchy in Max-Neef nine needs, with the satisfaction of each need just as
important as all the others.
Each of these needs than has four attributes or ways in
which the need needs to be satisfied: Being, Having, Doing, and
Interacting. From this there can be a
large range of options in how that need might be satisfied by what Max-Neef
calls the satisfiers. For example, the Subsistence/Being
need might be satisfied by the human who achieves physical, emotional, and
mental health; Subsistence/Having by obtaining food, shelter, and work; Subsistence/Doing
by working, feeding, procreating, clothing, resting, and sleeping. Max-Neef summarized this concept of human
needs in what he called the Matrix of Human Needs and Satisfiers. The possible satisfiers of the human needs
could be quite large in theory, with some being more effective than others in satisfying
the need in question.
Satisfiers of the
needs are categorized into one of five types:
Synergic – satisfiers that in the
process of satisfying one need also satisfy or help to satisfy other needs. Community gardens where people have access to
land to grow their own food are an example of a synergic satisfier that
satisfies multiple needs. Besides
providing food that satisfies the Subsistence need to eat and to exercise the
body; activities in the garden could also contribute to needs like Protection
where users would know they could go to obtain food; Understanding where the
gardeners could expand their knowledge of plants and how to grow them,
Participation where gardeners could interact with other gardeners, Creation
where gardeners could create beautiful gardens, and Freedom where gardeners
would be free to grow whatever sorts of plants and food they desired.
Singular – satisfiers that satisfy
only one need and remain neutral as far as serving other needs go. Welfare sorts of programs where those served
are given coupons to buy food at certain markets in order to satisfy one aspect
of the subsistence need to eat falls into this category.
Inhibiting – satisfiers that
typically over satisfy one need and, in the process, seriously impair the
possibility of satisfying other needs. A
diet consisting of mostly junk food might satisfy the caloric intake
requirements for the subsistence need, but in the process other nutritional
requirements are ignored and non-nutritional additives to the junk food contribute
to the unset of health consuming diseases like obesity, diabetes, and high
blood pressure; which then consume the
consumer, their resources, and their ability to participate in processes that
would satisfy other more important needs.
Pseudo – satisfiers that stimulate
a false sensation of satisfying a given need, and oftentimes pursuit of the
pseudo-satisfaction prevents the real need from being satisfied. Contributions to parasitic charitable
institutions would be an example of this where the contributor believes their
monetary contribution is in part satisfying their own needs for Affection and
Participation by showing they care by helping to pay for poor folks to get
access to food, clothing or shelter to satisfy their Subsistence needs. In the end, much of the money ends up padding
the pockets of the administrators of the acts of charity, and the other real
humans are left with their needs mostly unmet.
Violators and Destructors –
satisfiers mostly aimed at meeting the need for Protection, that when applied
not only annihilate the possibility of satisfaction of the Protection need, but
also render the satisfaction of other needs impossible. Use of pesticides and herbicides on factory
farms as a way of Protecting access to Subsistence
satisfiers of food not only kills the unwanted weeds and insect pests, it can
kill or seriously impair the farmworkers, their neighbors, the other creatures in
the environment, and the consumers of the poisoned food, thereby preventing
those folks from satisfying other important needs.
For a more detailed explanation of Max-Neef’s ideas on human
needs, refer to his books: ECONOMICS UNMASKED, HUMAN SCALE DEVELOPMENT, and REAL-LIFE ECONOMICS. In the book ECONOMICS UNMASKED, Max-Neef and coauthor Phillip B. Smith laid out how the growth obsessed
economics of our corporate controlled world was poisoning the biosphere, exhausting
the planet's natural resources, making the already rich and powerful more wealthy,
and combined with growth in human population destroying the habitats of other species. This conclusion had a similar ring to what
Greenleaf was experiencing and hoped to address in his SERVANT AS LEADER essay. Towards the end of the essay he pointed out
that his goal at the time was to make changes to a society plagued by “the
disposition to venture into immoral and senseless wars, destruction of the
environment, poverty, alienation, discrimination, overpopulation” which existed
because of “human failures”, and in particular failures in the dominate leaders
of society.
It is my opinion, for whatever that is worth, that the
problems Greenleaf was trying to address 50 years ago, have not gotten better,
but exponentially worse. And it is
because of this that I find it dangerous when people in leadership positions
today try to cloak their own leader-first styles with the moniker of “servant
leadership” while they ignore the impacts of their institutions on real people.
As a possible route to avoiding this ignorant
form of leadership, I propose that Greenleaf’s concept of the manifestation of
servant leadership via focusing on “people's highest priority needs” and
determining what the impact of the actions of leadership are on people becoming
“more autonomous”, be combined with Max-Neef’s ideas on Human Scale Development
focused on “satisfaction of fundamental human needs” and increasing people's
autonomy. In the next part of this
evaluation, I will attempt to apply this refined “best test” to CEO Todd
Teske’s Briggs and Stratton Corporation.